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Islamic fundamentalism ((アラビア語:أصول) (''uṣūl''), the "fundamentals"), or radical Islam, is a description used in relation to Islamic ideology. ==Definitions== Definitions of Islamic fundamentalism vary. It is deemed problematic by those who suggest that Islamic belief requires all Muslims to be fundamentalists,〔Bernard, Lewis, ''Islam and the West,'' New York : Oxford University Press, c1993.〕 and by others as a term used by outsiders to describe perceived trends within Islam.〔" 'The Green Peril': Creating the Islamic Fundamentalist Threat," Leon T. Hadar, ''Policy Analysis,'' Cato Institute, August 27, 1992.〕 Exemplary figures of Islamic fundamentalism are Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Mawdudi, and Israr Ahmed.〔Esposito, ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'' ISBN 0-19-503340-X〕 Wahhabism is often described as the main cause of Islamic fundamentalism.〔http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/understanding-islam/anti-extremism/7-islamic-radicalism-its-wahhabi-roots-and-current-representation.html〕 * Use of ''ijtihad'' in Islamic law – According to academic John Esposito, one of the most defining features of Islamic fundamentalism is belief in the "reopening" of the gates of ''ijtihad'' ("independent reasoning" used in reaching a legal decision in Sunni law).〔Esposito, John, ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'' ISBN 0-19-503340-X〕 * Scriptural literalism – According to another academic, Natana J. Delong-Bas, the contemporary use of the term Islamic fundamentalism applies to Muslims who not only seek "to return to the primary sources", but who use "a literal interpretation of those sources." * Centrality of law – Graham Fuller describes Islamic fundamentalism not as distinct from Islamism but as a subset, "the most conservative element among Islamists." Its "strictest form" includes "Wahhabism, sometimes also referred to as salafiyya. ... For fundamentalists the law is the most essential component of Islam, leading to an overwhelming emphasis upon jurisprudence, usually narrowly conceived."〔Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p.48〕 * Political Islamism – Another American observer, Robert Pelletreau, Jr., assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern affairs, believes it the other way around, Islamism being the subset of Muslims "with political goals ... within" the "broader fundamentalist revival".〔Remarks by Robert H. Pelletreau, Jr., ''Middle East Policy Council'', May 26, 1994, "Symposium: Resurgent Islam in the Middle East," ''Middle East Policy'', Fall 1994, p. 2.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Islamic fundamentalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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